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The datasets from which these PYPL forecasts are drawn originate from FactSet. They represent the aggregated estimates made available to academics or practitioners via the Institutional Brokers’ Estimate System (IBES). Although this seems like a fair way of predicting future profits given that they have some level expertise in investment banking, studies show there's still an optimism bias present among these professionals.

Regression-based models suffer from the use of past earnings in a linear or exponential framework. This can lead to bias because these models assume that future performance will mirror historical trends exactly, whereas business cycle dynamics and seasonality may introduce randomness over time periods.

While there is a clear consensus that a factor-based approach to investment is rewarded over time, it goes without saying that the implementation of factor investing strategies, especially in the world of long-only money-management, is rarely subject to the same consensus. Index providers who offer funds that generally contain a small number of stocks in relation to the size and risk level they are designed for, often do so by selecting certain conditions or factors within each company.

For example, some commercial indexes aim at proportionality between price movements and dividends paid out over time while others look exclusively on liquidity considerations alone; yet still more restrict their selection criteria based around corporate governance issues like transparency reports rating various aspects such as soundness levels among others relevant metrics available about any given firm when deciding whether it should be included into an investor’s portfolio.

International Developed Markets Realized Volatility Streamgraph

Components
Historical price and realized volatility data
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Seasonality

This multi-factor forecast for Paypal Holdings (PYPL) is based on a weighted average of five factor-dervied forecasts.
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International Developed Markets Realized Volatility Streamgraph

Left-hand side y-axis orders liquidity rank of individuals chart components.
Right-hand side y-axis coordinates measure the price of IDEV.

Components Realized Volatility


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     Component
     Last Value
   
 
 
   
     EDEN
     24.52930
   
   
     EFNL
     20.06639
   
   
     EIRL
     22.06392
   
   
     EIS
     28.78037
   
   
     ENOR
     22.33956
   
   
     ENZL
     23.14506
   
   
     EWA
     24.95717
   
   
     EWC
     27.37899
   
   
     EWD
     29.88370
   
   
     EWG
     21.89056
   
   
     EWGS
     22.65229
   
   
     EWH
     15.00359
   
   
     EWI
     22.83698
   
   
     EWJ
     18.86765
   
   
     EWK
     18.44410
   
   
     EWL
     18.33538
   
   
     EWN
     29.97927
   
   
     EWO
     22.57747
   
   
     EWP
     23.27345
   
   
     EWQ
     23.58880
   
   
     EWS
     20.94318
   
   
     EWU
     18.50134
   
 


All Realized Volatility Visualizations

About Realized Volatility

Realized volatility (as derived from the square root of variance) is a measurement of the standard deviation of returns of an asset over a given time period, typically annualized.

How Realized Volatility is Measured

Realized volatility can be measured many ways. The classical way of calculating realized volatility is by taking the log returns of close to close prices.

Per Euan Sinclair, “there is no uncertainty due to measurement. But there is uncertainty over whether the measure is truly representative of the underlying reality.”

The streamgraph visualization above displays realized volatility over the previous 21 days by applying the Yang-Zhang method of calculating realized volatility. This measurement utilizes more data points than the typical close-to-close estimator, which results in a measurement that is considered more accurate.

We measure realized volatility for each component of a particular index or ETFs in order to help understand volatility dynamics, and anomalies underneath the surface.

How to Read the Streamgraph

The streamgraph is a data visualization that enables the representation of many timeseries in an efficient manner. The Tradewell realized volatility streamgraph shows the change in realized volatility through time across multiple datasets, displaced around a central axis (the 0-line).

The streamgraph highlights three main attributes of realized volatility:

1. The overall level of realized volatility at the index or etf level relative to history.
If you notice the streamgraph expanding and then contracting, that behavior is representative of individual component volatility expanding and contracting. The widest part of the streamgraph represents the period with the most volatility across components, while the narrowest part of the streamgraph represents the period with the least volatility across components.

2. Anomalies in individual components realized through time.
When companies have large moves, ie volatility increases significantly due to earnings, unexpected events or otherwise, the streamgraph will immediately highlight those anomalies visually — the width of an individual securities contribution to the streamgraph will widen considerably and the individual component ticker will be displayed on the streamgraph on the Date where realized volatility was highest for MSCI World ex USA Index. As volatility clusters, it is common to see the width persist after an anomalous move in a particular security.

3. The level of realized volatility of individual components relative to other components that comprise MSCI World ex USA Index.

About the Streamgraph Coordinates

The X-axis displays trading days by date, and the Y-axis contains the component realized volatility. The absolute distance between each line on the chart is the 21-day realized volatility for MSCI World ex USA Index.

MSCI World ex USA Index

The MSCI World ex USA Index captures large and mid cap representation in 22 of 23 developing markets across the world, excluding the United States. The index covers approximately 85% of the free float-adjusted market capitalization in each country.
All Realized Volatility Visualizations

Realized Volatility

This chart shows the component realized volatility of IDEVover the past year of trading.
Components
Historical price and realized volatility data
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Guest Commentary
Robson Chow is a hedge fund manager
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